
Artillery
The invention of gunpowder in China led to the development of a device that would employ its firepower in warfare: the artillery. Although artillery spread throughout Europe and Asia in the 13th century, its widespread adoption as a weapon system did not happen until the 15th century, when improvements in cannon length and gunpowder composition made artillery powerful enough to pose a threat to the stone-built castles and fortifications common in Europe. Soon artillery would be used not only in sieges, but also on battlefields, as smaller-caliber guns were mobile enough to be quickly deployed and used. Its final evolution as a key warfare system would come in the 18th century, especially after Napoleon perfected its use at crucial points during battles.
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