Government ReformAcross the pillars

Cortes de León

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The Cortes de León — first convened in 1188 under Alfonso IX — are among the oldest representative assemblies in European history, predating the English Parliament by nearly a century. Drawing together the clergy, the nobility, and representatives of the towns, they established the principle that the monarch must seek the counsel of all estates before imposing new obligations. This founding constitutional tradition gives our governance a legitimacy rooted not in conquest alone but in the formal consent of the realm.