革新
苏菲隐士
The marabouts, Sufi shayḵs of the Qādiriyya, Shādhiliyya, and Tijāniyya ṭarīqas, have planted zāwiya lodges across the rural Maghreb, where they teach, arbitrate disputes, and channel popular religious feeling. Their tombs become pilgrimage sites, their living successors hold moral authority that rivals the jurists of the cities, and their endorsement of a ruler legitimizes that ruler with the tribal countryside. A rural network of Sufi authority gives every Maghreb Region ADJ state a religious presence in every village, without requiring direct administrative penetration.
文艺复兴思想革新requires
